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Chemistry

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1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter

Atom: basic building block of matter that can neither be created nor destroyed

Described in Dalton's Atomic Theory

Element: a chemical species that cannot be further decomposed by chemical reaction

Elements have the same number of protons in their nuclei

A sample of an element contains only one type of atom in the whole sample

Not all elements are monatomic: diatomic elements are Br2, I2, N2, Cl2, H2, O2, F2

Compound: a pure substance composed of two or more elements bonded chemically

A compound can be broken down chemically but not physically

For a given compound, the elements are in fixed ratios → law of definite proportion

A compound has different physical and chemical properties from its constituent elements

Mixture: two or more substances (elements, compounds) that are not chemically bonded

S1. Models of the particulate nature of matter

1.1 Measuring enthalpy changes

1.2 Energy cycles in reactions

1.2 Energy cycles in reactions (AHL)

1.3 Energy from fuels

1.4 Entropy and spontaneity* (AHL)

R1. What drives chemical reactions?

2.1 The ionic model

2.2 The covalent model

2.2 The covalent model (AHL)

2.3 The metallic model

2.4 From models to materials

2.4 From models to materials (AHL)

S2. Models of bonding and structure

2.1 How much? The amount of chemical change

2.2 How fast? The rate of chemical change

2.2 How fast? The rate of chemical change (AHL)

2.3 How far? The extent of chemical change

2.3 How far? The extent of chemical change (AHL)

R2. How much, how fast and how far?

3.1 The periodic table: Classification of elements

3.1 The periodic table: Classification of elements (AHL)

3.2 Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds

3.2 Functional groups: Classification of organic compounds (AHL)

S3. Classification of matter

R3.1. Proton transfer reactions

R3.1 Proton transfer reactions (AHL)

R3.2 Electron transfer reactions

3.2 Electron transfer reactions (AHL)

R3.3 Electron sharing reactions

R3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions

3.4 Electron-pair sharing reactions (AHL)

R3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?