S2. Models of bonding and structure

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2.1 The ionic model

2.2 The covalent model

2.2 The covalent model (AHL)

2.3 The metallic model

2.4 From models to materials

2.4 From models to materials (AHL)

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Understanding points

Transfer of electron(s) from a metal to a non-metal and the resulting electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Metals lose valence electrons to form positive ions (cations)

Non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions (anions)

2.1 The ionic model

Understanding points

Sharing of electron pair(s) between two atoms and resulting electrostatic attraction between (-ve) shared electron pair(s) and (+ve) two bonding nuclei

2.2 The covalent model

Understanding points

Resonance structures

Occurs when there is more than one position possible for double/triple bonds in a molecule

Requires a network of alternating double/single bonds (at least 1 of each)

Indicated by double headed arrow 

Individual structures are called resonance forms

Actual electronic structure of species is called resonance hybrid: hybrid of the two resonance forms with delocalized e-s

2.2 The covalent model (AHL)

2.3 The metallic model

2.4 From models to materials

2.4 From models to materials (AHL)