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B. The particulate nature of matter
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B. The particulate nature of matter
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B.1.1 Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases
Understanding: Properties of the three states of matter considered in physics
Particle Model of Matter:
B.1.1-1 Diagram of 3 main states
•
Model that attempts to explain the properties of the three states of matter
Properties of a Solid:
•
Atoms are fixed in place by a strong force (or bond) between each other. → Strong intermolecular force between atoms (fixed structure)
•
This force prevents the atoms from separating and keeps the volume and shape constant
•
Greater distances → attractive force (energy released during bond formation), shorter distances → repulsive force
•
The attractive intermolecular force between the atoms in the solid means energy is required to move atoms away from each other and energy is released when the atoms move closer
•
Lowest potential energy
B.1 Thermal Energy Transfer
B.2.1 Conduction, convection, and thermal radiation
Conduction, Convection and Thermal Radiation
Conduction
•
Conduction
is when
energy is transferred by direct contact
•
Usually happens in solid
•
When two solids in different temperatures contact conduction happens
•
Metal
are good thermal conductors because :
•
Non-metal
are poor thermal conductors because :
Convection
•
Convection
is when energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules
•
Mainly happens in liquids and gases
•
When a liquid is heated convection happens
B.2.1-2 Diagram showing the convection
Radiation
B.2 Greenhouse Effect
B.3.1 Avogadro constant, Pressure, and Gas Laws
Molar Concept Rules
Gas Laws
•
Boyle’s Law : Pressure of a gas of fixed mass and at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to its volume
•
This means that the product of
p
and
V
is always constant
p
1
V
1
=
p
2
V
2
=
constant
p_1 V_1 = p_2 V_2 = \textit{constant}
p
1
V
1
=
p
2
V
2
=
constant
•
Charles’s Law
: Volume of a gas of fixed mass and constant pressure is directly proportional to its temperature
V
∝
T
V ∝ T
V
∝
T
•
Which means
V
divided by
T
is always constant
V
1
T
1
=
V
2
T
2
,
V
1
T
2
=
V
2
T
1
=
constant
\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2}, \quad V_1 T_2 = V_2 T_1 = \textit{constant}
T
1
V
1
=
T
2
V
2
,
V
1
T
2
=
V
2
T
1
=
constant
B.3.1-2 Diagram of particles at low temperature and high temperature and graph representing relationship between volume and temperature
•
Gay Lussac’s Law : Pressure of a gas of fixed mass and volume is directly proportional to its temperature
p
∝
T
p \propto T
p
∝
T
B.3 Gas Laws
B.4.1 Basic Definitions
Internal Energy
Types of Systems
•
Closed system
•
Isolated system
Sign Convention
•
Clausius’ sign convention
B.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Work Done by a Closed System
Change in Internal Energy
B.4 Thermodynamics
B.5.1 Ohm's Law
Mathematical Approach of Ohm’s Law
•
As mentioned previously, whenever there is a potential difference there must be an electric field
•
When a potential difference is established at the ends of a conductor, an electric field is established within the conductor that forces electrons to move and create the current
•
The size of the current is different in the different conductors, as each conductor will operate with different efficiency
•
The properties of the conductors to resist the current flow is called electric resistance
•
The equation of resistance is :
R
=
V
I
R=\frac VI
R
=
I
V
B.5.1-1 Equations explaining Ohm’s Law with notations
B.5.1-1 Equations explaining Ohm’s Law with notations
•
This relationship, we called it ohm’s law, and the unit is ohm, symbol
•
Materials that obey ohm’s law have a constant resistance in any circumstances
•
For those ohmic materials, a graph of I versus V gives a straight line through the origin
B.5.1-2 Graph of current against voltage in ohmic materials
B.5 Current and Circuits
