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B. The particulate nature of matter

Created
2024/06/24 03:17
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B.1.1 Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases

Understanding: Properties of the three states of matter considered in physics
Particle Model of Matter:
B.1.1-1 Diagram of 3 main states
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Model that attempts to explain the properties of the three states of matter
Properties of a Solid:
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Atoms are fixed in place by a strong force (or bond) between each other. → Strong intermolecular force between atoms (fixed structure)
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This force prevents the atoms from separating and keeps the volume and shape constant
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Greater distances → attractive force (energy released during bond formation), shorter distances → repulsive force
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The attractive intermolecular force between the atoms in the solid means energy is required to move atoms away from each other and energy is released when the atoms move closer
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Lowest potential energy
B.1 Thermal Energy Transfer

B.2.1 Conduction, convection, and thermal radiation

Conduction, Convection and Thermal Radiation
Conduction
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Conduction is when energy is transferred by direct contact
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Usually happens in solid
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When two solids in different temperatures contact conduction happens
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Metal are good thermal conductors because :
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Non-metal are poor thermal conductors because :
Convection
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Convection is when energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules
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Mainly happens in liquids and gases
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When a liquid is heated convection happens
B.2.1-2 Diagram showing the convection
Radiation
B.2 Greenhouse Effect

B.3.1 Avogadro constant, Pressure, and Gas Laws

Molar Concept Rules
Gas Laws
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Boyle’s Law : Pressure of a gas of fixed mass and at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to its volume
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This means that the product of p and V is always constant
p1V1=p2V2=constantp_1 V_1 = p_2 V_2 = \textit{constant}
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Charles’s Law : Volume of a gas of fixed mass and constant pressure is directly proportional to its temperature
V∝TV ∝ T
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Which means V divided by T is always constant
V1T1=V2T2,V1T2=V2T1=constant\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2}, \quad V_1 T_2 = V_2 T_1 = \textit{constant}
B.3.1-2 Diagram of particles at low temperature and high temperature and graph representing relationship between volume and temperature
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Gay Lussac’s Law : Pressure of a gas of fixed mass and volume is directly proportional to its temperature
p∝Tp \propto T
B.3 Gas Laws

B.4.1 Basic Definitions

Internal Energy
Types of Systems
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Closed system
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Isolated system
Sign Convention
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Clausius’ sign convention

B.4.1 First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics
Work Done by a Closed System
Change in Internal Energy
B.4 Thermodynamics

B.5.1 Ohm's Law

Mathematical Approach of Ohm’s Law
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As mentioned previously, whenever there is a potential difference there must be an electric field
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When a potential difference is established at the ends of a conductor, an electric field is established within the conductor that forces electrons to move and create the current
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The size of the current is different in the different conductors, as each conductor will operate with different efficiency
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The properties of the conductors to resist the current flow is called electric resistance
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The equation of resistance is :
R=VIR=\frac VI
B.5.1-1 Equations explaining Ohm’s Law with notations

B.5.1-1 Equations explaining Ohm’s Law with notations

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This relationship, we called it ohm’s law, and the unit is ohm, symbol
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Materials that obey ohm’s law have a constant resistance in any circumstances
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For those ohmic materials, a graph of I versus V gives a straight line through the origin
B.5.1-2 Graph of current against voltage in ohmic materials
B.5 Current and Circuits