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C.1.1 Simple harmonic oscillations and its conditions

Oscillation: periodic motions which center around an equilibrium position
Wave: transfer of energy without transfer of matter
Simple harmonic motion (SHM): motion in which the restoring force (acceleration) is directly proportional to the displacement of the body from its equilibrium point
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Period and amplitude are constant
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Period is independent of amplitude
C.1 Simple Harmonic Motion

C.2.1 Traveling waves, wave properties, transverse and longitudinal waves

Key Terms
Traveling waves
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continuous disturbance in a medium that travels in the direction of propagation
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Energy is transferred by waves, but matter is not transferred by waves
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Waves are generated by oscillating sources
C.2 Wave Model

C.3.1 Wavefronts and rays, Amplitude and Intensity

Wave characteristics and definitions
Waves can be described in terms of the motion of a wavefront and/or in terms of rays.
Wavefronts: surface joining neighboring points where oscillations are in phase with each other
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Can be curves or straight lines
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Always perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
C.3 Wave Phenomena

C.4.1 The nature of standing waves

Standing waves result from the superposition of two opposite identical waves:
Standing waves are formed when the two waves interfere with:
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the same amplitude
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the same frequency
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traveling in opposite directions
In standing waves:
C.4 Standing Waves and Resonance

C.5.1 The Doppler Effect

The Doppler effect
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When a source of sound, such as the whistle of a train or the siren of an ambulance, moves away from an observer :
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It appears to decrease in frequency, i.e. it sounds lower in pitch
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Although, the source of the sound remains at a constant frequency
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When the observer and the source of wave are both stationary :
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The waves appear to remain at the same frequency for both the observer and the source
C.5.1-1 Diagram of doppler effect (stationary)
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When the source starts to move towards the observer, the wavelength of the waves is shortened
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The sound, therefore, appears at a higher frequency to the observer
C.5 Doppler Effect