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4. Ecosystems

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Understanding points

Evolution

Change in the heritable characteristics of a population
A4.1 Evolution and speciation

Understanding points

Biodiversity

The total number of different species living in a defined area
1.
Genetic: the variety in the gene pool of a species
2.
Species: the number of species present and their relative abundance in an area
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Richness: the number of species in an area
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Evenness: the relative abundance of each species
A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity

Understanding points

Habitat

The place where an organism lives
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Includes the geographical location, type of ecosystem, and physical and chemical conditions
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Biotic factors: living components of an ecosystem, e.g. plants, animals, bacteria
B4.1 Adaptation to environment

Understanding points

Ecological niche

The unique role of an organism in an ecosystem
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Fundamental: the potential niche in the absence of competition
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Realized: the actual niche due to competition
B4.2 Ecological niches

Understanding points

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in an area
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Carrying capacity: maximum population size that an environment can support
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Determined by abundance of resources: water, space, food

Estimation of population size

C4.1 Populations and communities

Understanding points

Open and closed systems

C4.2 Transfer of energy and matter

Understanding points

Sustainability

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Systems are stable if they can continue for an unlimited amount of time
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Sustainability of ecosystems requires a steady supply of energy, nutrient cycling, tolerable climate, and high genetic diversity
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Tipping point: a level of disturbance beyond which irreversible changes occur to the ecosystem
D4.2 Sustainability and change

Understanding points

Climate change

D4.3 Climate change